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- <text>
- <title>
- Restructuring the Global Environment Facility
- </title>
- <article>
- <hdr>
- Human Development Report 1992
- Restructuring the Global Environment Facility
- </hdr>
- <body>
- <p> The Global Environment Facility finances environmental
- projects in developing countries. This three-year pilot scheme
- began in 1991 and has core funding from 24 countries, nine in
- the developing world.
- </p>
- <p> The Facility's purpose is to assist developing countries in
- exploring ways to protect the global environment and to
- transfer environmentally benign technologies. But to be
- effective, the direct interests of people would also have to be
- protected. A reformed GEF would, therefore, also have to promote
- an optimum balance between the environment and human
- development.
- </p>
- <p> Grants can be made of projects in developing countries with
- per capita incomes of less than $4,000 (in 1989) and a UNDP
- program in place. The funds can be used for investment
- projects, technical cooperation and pre-investment as well as
- research and development.
- </p>
- <p> The four priority areas of concern are:
- </p>
- <list>
- <l>-- Global warming</l>
- <l>-- Destruction of biological diversity</l>
- <l>-- Pollution of international waters</l>
- <l>-- Depletion of the ozone layer</l>
- </list>
- <p> The Facility has core funding of $800 million in the Global
- Environmental Trust Fund, with a further $300 million available
- through several associated co-financing arrangements.
- </p>
- <p> There is no set formula for allocating funds, but the rule of
- thumb is that 40%-50% should go to global warming concerns,
- 30%-40% to biological diversity. and 10%-20% to protection of
- international waters. Ozone protection projects would receive
- practically all other funding from the Montreal Protocol's
- Interim Multilateral Fund.
- </p>
- <p> Each of the organizations co-implementing the Facility has a
- distinct role. UNDP uses its worldwide network of offices to
- help identify projects and carry out pre-investment studies--and is then responsible for technical cooperation activities. In
- addition, UNDP runs the "small grants programs"--a $5 million
- fund to support community activities by developing country NGOs
- and grassroots organizations. UNEP provides environmental
- expertise as well as the secretariat for the Scientific and
- Technical Advisory Panel. The World Bank acts as a repository
- for the Trust Funds, administers the Facility and is responsible
- for investment projects.
- </p>
- <p> All the funds will be committed by the end of the pilot
- phase in mid-1994. The Facility will be modified, both in the
- light of experience and of the final recommendations of the
- United Nations Conference on Environment and Development in June
- 1992 in Rio de Janeiro. It is already becoming clear that some
- fundamental changes will be essential in three major areas:
- </p>
- <p>Mandate
- </p>
- <p>-- This will need to be enlarged to recognize more fully the
- links between national, regional and global problems, and to
- include such concerns as desertification, acid rain, urban
- degradation, water scarcity, land-based pollution, and capacity
- building.
- </p>
- <p>Funding
- </p>
- <p>-- Some $5 to $10 billion a year would be needed for the
- enlarged mandate. This could come both from voluntary
- contributions and new forms of international taxation--such as
- the proposed "carbon tax".
- </p>
- <p>Government participating
- </p>
- <p>-- The Facility's management and policy-making structure should
- be broadened to provide for more participation from developing
- countries.
- </p>
- <p>Source: United Nations Development Programme
- </p>
- </body>
- </article>
- </text>
-